Mr. Trump’s America-first policy, as hallucinated by trade adviser Peter Navarro, is this: Make in America. Invest in America. Everything done by Americans. A self-sufficient, stand-alone country.
It’s more of a political agenda than an economic one—more about protectionism and isolationism. Trade? Globalization? Increased living standards? How quaint.
Look, I’m all for America on top, but America first isn’t how you get there. America first is a vertical model: Do everything. But vertical always fails. Vertical IBM made chips, wrote software, assembled computers and wrapped plastic around them. Vertical AT&T provided phones, wires and both local and long-distance calls.
Fortunately, vertical gave way to horizontal: industries organized into layers of expertise, sorted by value added. Intel and Microsoft owned layers in a horizontal stack that made up personal computers, leveling IBM mainframes. The internet became a horizontal stack of routers, servers and applications, upending AT&T’s network. Even the artificial-intelligence revolution is horizontal—Silicon Valley’s OpenAI uses Nvidia chips made by Taiwan’s TSMC using Dutch ASML’s equipment.
“Didn’t need no welfare state, everybody pulled his weight,” the theme song goes. Globalism and trade also became a horizontal model, with the U.S. sitting on top of what I call a horizontal empire, sorted by value added. Apple designs iPhones in California but assembles them lower down the stack in China—now shifting toward Vietnam and India—where living standards also increased.
Sadly, this horizontal model causes freak-outs over U.S. trade deficits. But who cares? Forget actual trade numbers. Focus on the margin of the products flowing cross-border. Apple has 34% operating margins. Foxconn, which assembles trade-deficit-boosting iPhones, has operating margins of 3%. Which would you prefer?
TVs, cars, clothes, toys and lumber that we import are all low-margin and usually labor-intensive businesses. We export high-margin software, financial services, drugs and AI applications, all intelligence-intensive businesses. I like to say, “we think, they sweat.” Meanwhile, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick says, “Human beings screwing in little screws to make iPhones, that kind of thing is going to come to America.” You first, Howard.
Getting horizontal got society wealthy. Economists note that trade deficits have a flip side of capital-account surpluses, money that gets invested in the U.S. to offset those trade deficits. But where are they in our economic statistics? Hard to find. Economists can count foreign money that bought Treasury bonds (so Americans don’t have to). But when capital flows into stocks—foreigners own 18% of our equities—the numbers get fuzzy. A net $1,000 buying Google shares can drive its value up $2,000, or $5,000. Google is worth more than $2 trillion, but $2 trillion in cash didn’t get invested—productivity drove its value up.
Mr. Bessent says, “Data is on our side.” Is it? We’ve run cumulative trade deficits since 1999 of $15.4 trillion. Meanwhile, U.S. equity values rose $45 trillion between 1999 and 2024 (both market peaks). U.S. household net worth at the end of 1999: $41 trillion. End of 2024: $160 trillion. Let’s run bigger trade deficits! As long as we keep the margin. Trade and productivity pay. No wonder the market is a yo-yo.
“Gee, our old LaSalle ran great,” the song concludes. So why would you ever want to go back to a vertical, isolationist model for the U.S., leading to higher-rate mortgages and expensive cars? A margin surplus means we let low-margin jobs move overseas and become a high-margin nation. Living standards rose across the globe. Smartphones and autos everywhere. Why go back?
Note to Trump yes-men: Low-wage jobs aren’t the American dream either. Populist protectionism, worsened by tariffs, has been shown to destroy more jobs than it creates. Even the lower-valued jobs that the Trump administration hopes will return may not exist. Most machine and metalworking shops now use programmable machine tools. Factory jobs will require proficiency in operating robots. Fixing education is critical.
“Boo hoo,” one can almost hear, “collapsing stocks only hurt the rich.” Yeah, but it also severely limits access to capital for U.S. companies to fund growth and create better jobs—let alone build new factories. Do we really want that? America can stay first only by sitting on top of a horizontal empire, not by reconstructing a retro isolated vertical island. Going backward is a meathead move. Stop trying to bring back the “All in the Family” nostalgia: “Those were the days!”
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